The Basic Chemical Units
' the study of chemical reactions in living things is called biochemistry
' the most important small molecules are O2, CO2, and H2O
E.g. cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose oxygen carbon water
dioxide
Water (H20): The Primary Molecule of Life
' water is the most abundant molecule in any cell
' it has very unique chemical properties that allow it to have many functions:
' remains a liquid over a large temperature range
' dissolves most substances involved in living processes (universal solvent)
' changes temperature gradually when heated or cooled (protects cell from changes in the environment)
' expands when it becomes a solid (floats when it freezes)
' water is polar – uneven charge distribution
' water attracts (and dissolves) other polar molecules
Organic Compounds
' these are molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen
' many organic molecules contain other important elements such as O, N, P, and S
' it is living cells that make many organic molecules e.x. glucose
' both plants and animals use glucose as food and it is a subunit that makes up a larger molecule called a macromolecule.
' We will be studying four macromolecules:
ü carbohydrates
ü lipids (Fats)
ü proteins
ü nucleic acids
A) The Structure and Biological Function of Carbohydrates
' carbohydrates are carbons with water attached to them
CH2O or glucose C6H12O6
' carbohydrates provide short or long term energy storage for living organisms
' a monosaccharide (or simple sugar) is a carbohydrate molecule with 3 to 7 carbon atoms and the corresponding oxygen and hydrogen atoms:
Examples: glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration, galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and fructose, a sugar found in fruit. All are C6H12O6 which are structural isomers.
galactose fructose
' when two of these simple sugars come together a disaccharide is created
' Example maltose (glucose and glucose)
Sucrose – the sweet sugar we eat, is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose
|
Lactose – the sugar in milk, is galactose and glucose
|
' a polysaccharide is made up of many simple sugars linked together
' the three main polysaccharides are:
' starch – energy storage in plants
' glycogen – energy storage in animals
' cellulose – structural molecule in plant cell walls
' each are made up of repeating units of glucose but all have different shapes
' cellulose stores huge amounts of energy but only a few bacterial species contain the enzymes to break it down
' animals such as cattle, rabbits and termites harbor these bacteria in their guts, humans cannot digest cellulose
B) The Structure and Biological Function of Lipids
' lipids are macromolecules that do not dissolve in water (they are non-polar)
' provide long term nutrient and energy storage (2.25 times as much energy as 1 gram of carbohydrates), insulation, hormones, and cushioning of internal organs
' primary part of cell membranes
' the basic structure: 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid
' this is called a triglyceride
' a fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a difference: at one end, the carbon has an acidic COOH group
' the glycerol molecule is always the same but the fatty acids may be different
' in a saturated fatty acid all of the carbons are bonded to 4 other atoms
' in an unsaturated fatty acid some of the carbons have a double bond between them thus leaving room for other hydrogen molecules to bond
' unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid and saturated tend to be solid
saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids
c) The Structure and Biological Function of Proteins
' most cellular structures are made of proteins
' their main function is structure but they also:
' function as enzymes
' transport molecules across cell membranes and around the body
' act as chemical messengers
' the building blocks of proteins are amino acids
' peptide bonds are what join amino acids together (R group is not involved)
' a chain of amino acids, not yet a protein, is called a polypeptide
' the final 3-D shape of the protein determines its function (see page 16)
' denatured is the term applied to a protein that has been damaged (changed shape) e.g. exposure to extreme temperatures or acid
' humans need 20 amino acids – 12 of which your body makes from non-protein food sources
' the other 8 must be obtained from food and these are referred to as the essential amino acids
D) Nucleic Acids
' these molecules direct the growth and development of every living thing by means of a chemical code
' there are 2 types: RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
' RNA contains the info to make proteins. DNA contains the info to make RNA.
' nucleic acids are made up of smaller parts called nucleotides
' there are 4 types of nucleotides for DNA (A,C,G, and T) and 4 counterpart RNA nucleotides (A,C,G, and U)
' RNA consists of a single, long chain of nucleotides
' DNA has 2 enormous nucleotide chains linked in a double helix shape
Structure of a Nucleotide The Bonding of DNA
|
carbohydrates
|
lipids
|
proteins
|
nucleic acids
|
Building blocks
|
|
|
|
|
chains
|
|
|
|
|
functions
|
|
|
|
|
examples
|
|
|
|
|
The Basic Chemical Units
' the study of chemical reactions in living things is called ____________________
' the most important small molecules are O2, CO2, and H2O
E.g. cellular respiration:
Water: The Primary Molecule of Life
' water is the ______________________ molecule in any cell
' it has very unique chemical properties that allow it to have many functions:
' remains ________________ over a large _________________range
' _________________ most substances involved in living processes (universal solvent)
' changes temperature ______________ when heated or cooled (protects cell from changes in the environment)
' ______________________ when it becomes a solid (floats when it freezes)
' water is ___________________________________________
' water _______________ (and dissolves) other polar molecules
Organic Compounds
' these are molecules that contain both _______________________________
' many organic molecules contain other important elements such as ________________
' it is _______________ that make many organic molecules e.x. glucose
' both plants and animals use ________________ and it is a subunit that makes up a larger molecule called a _______________________.
' We will be studying four macromolecules:
ü
ü
ü
ü
A) The Structure and Biological Function of Carbohydrates
' carbohydrates are ____________________________________ attached to them
CH2O or glucose C6H12O6
' carbohydrates provide ____________________________________________________ for living organisms
' a monosaccharide (or _______________) is a carbohydrate molecule with 3 to 7 carbon atoms and the corresponding oxygen and hydrogen atoms:
Examples: glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration, galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and fructose, a sugar found in fruit. All are C6H12O6 which are structural isomers.
galactose fructose
' when _____ of these simple sugars come together a ___________________ is created
' Example maltose (glucose and glucose)
Sucrose – the sweet sugar we eat, is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose
|
Lactose – the sugar in milk, is galactose and glucose
|
' a polysaccharide is made up of _________________ simple sugars linked together
' the three main polysaccharides are:
' starch – energy storage in __________________
' glycogen – energy storage in ________________
' cellulose – structural molecule in ________________
' each are made up of repeating units of ___________but all have different shapes
' cellulose stores huge amounts of energy but only a few___________ species contain the ___________________ to break it down
' animals such as ____________________________________ harbor these bacteria in their guts , humans cannot digest cellulose
B) The Structure and Biological Function of Lipids
' lipids are macromolecules that _______________________ in water (they are non-polar)
' provide _________________ nutrient and energy storage (2.25 times as much energy as 1 gram of carbohydrates), insulation,________________, and cushioning of internal organs
' primary part of ___________________________
' the basic structure: 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid
' this is called a ______________________
' a fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a difference: at one end, the carbon has an acidic __________________
' this acidic group attaches to the __________________ and creates a non polar molecule
' the glycerol molecule is always the same but the fatty acids may be _________________
' in a saturated fatty acid all of the carbons are bonded to ________________________
' in an unsaturated fatty acid some of the carbons have a ___________________ between them thus leaving room for other hydrogen molecules to bond
' unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ____________and saturated tend to be __________
saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids
c) The Structure and Biological Function of Proteins
' most cellular structures are made of proteins
' their main function is structure but they also:
' function as _______________
' ____________________ across cell membranes and around the body
' act as chemical messengers
' the building blocks of proteins are __________________
' peptide bonds are what ______________________________ (R group is not involved)
' a _________________________________, not yet a protein, is called a polypeptide
' the final __________________ of the protein determines its function (see page 16)
' denatured is the term applied to a protein that has been _________________________ e.g. exposure to extreme temperatures
' humans need _____________ amino acids – 12 of which your body makes from non-protein food sources
' the other 8 must be _________________________ and these are referred to as the essential amino acids
D) Nucleic Acids
' these molecules direct the growth and development of every living thing by means of a chemical code
' there are 2 types: __________(ribonucleic acid) and __________(deoxyribonucleic acid)
' RNA contains the info to make _____________. DNA contains the info to make ________.
' nucleic acids are made up of ___________________________________
' there are 4 types of nucleotides for DNA (_____________) and 4 counterpart RNA nucleotides (_______________)
' RNA consists of a _____________________________ of nucleotides
' DNA has 2 enormous nucleotide chains linked in a ____________________________
Structure of a Nucleotide The Bonding of DNA
|
carbohydrates
|
lipids
|
proteins
|
nucleic acids
|
Building blocks
|
|
|
|
|
chains
|
|
|
|
|
functions
|
|
|
|
|
examples
|
|
|
|
|
Practice Drawing/Building Organic Compounds
Simple Sugar and Carbohydrates
Draw a glucose molecule
Draw a maltose molecule
What is the name of the reaction that creates this disaccharide?
What is the name of the resulting linkage?
|
Proteins
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Draw a sketch of this subunit.
Show how these subunits assembly to form a polypeptide (draw the reaction):
What is the name of this reaction?
What type of bond has formed?
|
Lipids
What are the two main subunits that make up a lipid?
Draw a sketch of a triglyceride:
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Draw a sketch of each type:
|
Nucleic Acid
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
What is the subunit that makes up a nucleotide?
What are the three parts of this subunit?
Draw a sketch of this subunit:
|
Comments (0)
You don't have permission to comment on this page.